The Life Sciences Perspectives (LSP) is a leading, open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal published by QUEST RESEARCH AND EDUCATION (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED. The journal is dedicated to publishing high-quality and impactful research across a broad range of disciplines within the life sciences. It provides an international platform for original research, review articles, and interdisciplinary studies that advance scientific understanding and address global challenges. LSP promotes scholarly excellence, ethical research practices, and global knowledge exchange among scientists, researchers, academicians, and practitioners. As an open-access journal, it ensures unrestricted access to published content, supporting the worldwide dissemination of scientific knowledge.
QUEST RESEARCH AND EDUCATION (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
ALTERNATIVE PROTIEN SOURCES IN AQUACULTURE FEED: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of aquaculture has been increasing rapidly in the world resulting in relying on fishmeal and fish oil which have brought ecological, economic and sustainability challenges. It is an evidence-based systematic literature review that is investigating the alternatives to animal protein sources in aquaculture feed that involves a quantitative bibliometric analysis alongside qualitative thematic synthesis of articles published 2000-2024. Selected articles After a rigorous screening process, 312 peer-reviewed articles were incorporated. Bibliometric analysis revealed that the quantity of research publications was increasing exponentially and particularly after 2015, which implies the increasing amount of efforts to discover sustainable feed solutions on a global scale. Alternatives that are most actively studied are plant-based proteins where insect meals, single-cell proteins (SCPs), and animal by-products have demonstrated that they can be used as a replacement of fishmeat to a considerable extent (partially or wholly). Insect proteins, i.e. Hermetia illucens, have been successfully substituted with a maximum of 75 percent without any growth performance impairment and in other instances animal by-products were able to have 100 percent substitution. Single cell proteins provided extra immunostimulatory activities due to bioactive substances e.g. b-glucans. In spite of the economic viability and excessive supply of the plant proteins, it has limitations with regard to anti-nutritional elements, as well as the amino acid imbalances. Life cycle assessment indicates that the insect and microbial proteins have been related to considerable advantages to the environment particularly when they are produced with the consumption of wastes. Though the evidence is promising, physiological, reproductive, and microbiome-related impacts of the long term have not been studied thoroughly. Overall, it is suggested that strategic blending of most of the alternative protein sources may optimize nutritional adequacy, economic and environmental stability in the aquaculture feed systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION: A STUDY ON THE SPREAD OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN TROPICAL REGIONS
Climate change is unequivocally altering the dynamics of infectious disease transmission, particularly for vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in tropical regions. This study employs quantitative, problem-based research to investigate the correlation between climate variables—specifically temperature, precipitation, and humidity—and the incidence of dengue fever and malaria in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa from 2003 to 2022. Utilizing longitudinal climate data from global meteorological repositories and epidemiological case reports from the World Health Organization, we conducted time-series analyses and constructed generalized linear mixed models. Our results demonstrate a significant positive association between rising mean temperatures and the expansion of the geographic range and seasonal duration of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles mosquitoes. Statistical models indicated that a 1°C increase in average monthly temperature correlated with a 15.2% (95% CI: 12.1–18.5%) increase in dengue incidence in urban Southeast Asian centers. Furthermore, anomalies in precipitation patterns, particularly increased rainfall variability, were linked to outbreak intensity (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). The study also reveals a concerning altitudinal shift in malaria case reporting, with previously unaffected highland regions exhibiting new transmission foci. These findings underscore the role of climate change as a key driver in exacerbating VBD burdens. The research concludes that current public health interventions are insufficiently adaptive to these rapidly changing environmental forcings and urgently calls for integrated climate-disease surveillance systems and predictive modeling to inform proactive, climate-resilient health policies in vulnerable tropical regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sana Riaz, Imran Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE ROLE OF STEM CELL THERAPY IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE: ADVANCES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING
Stem cell therapy represents a paradigm shift in regenerative medicine, offering unprecedented potential for repairing, replacing, and regenerating diseased or damaged tissues. This comprehensive review synthesizes current advances and challenges, focusing on the integration of stem cell biology with tissue engineering principles. The unique properties of pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and induced), adult stem cells (mesenchymal, hematopoietic), and progenitor cells are examined for their applications in musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neural, and organ regeneration. Critical to this integration are biomaterial scaffolds that provide structural and biochemical support, bioreactors that mimic physiological conditions for tissue maturation, and bioactive molecules that direct cell fate. Despite significant preclinical and clinical successes, particularly in hematological disorders, cartilage repair, and skin regeneration, substantial barriers remain. These include challenges in achieving robust vascularization of engineered constructs, controlling stem cell differentiation with high precision, ensuring long-term safety (notably tumorigenicity and immunogenicity), and navigating complex regulatory pathways. This study concludes that the future of the field lies in sophisticated convergence approaches: combining advanced biomimetic materials, gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9, and sophisticated delivery systems within robust ethical and regulatory frameworks. Only through such interdisciplinary strategies will the full clinical translation and therapeutic promise of stem cell-based tissue engineering be realized.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hina Batool, Muhammad Ahsan Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATING PALLIATIVE NURSING INTERVENTIONS IN ONCOLOGY CARE: IMPACT ON PATIENT WELLBEING
In this research paper, the researcher discusses the outcomes of the integration of palliative nursing interventions into the treatment of cancer patients, whose aim is to improve patient wellbeing. The mixed-method design was adopted and included both quantitative data collected with the help of validated instruments like the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) and the Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) as well as qualitative data gathered with semi-structured interviews with patients and their family members. The study revealed that patients receiving palliative nursing services realized significant improvements in symptoms relief, functioning, and mood. Quantitative outcomes indicated a significant reduction in the severity of the symptoms and positive shift of the functional performance after six weeks of the palliative care interventions. Qualitative data showed an increase in patient satisfaction, comfort, and emotional relief, which is why it is necessary to focus on the physical and emotional aspects of the treatment process. The results of this study highlight the essential role of palliative nursing in enhancing patient outcomes and suggest that the practice should be integrated into the treatment regimen related to cancer to enable the processing of patients with cancer comprehensively and increase the quality of life in general.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nusrat Shaheen, Adeel Sarwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE PARTICULATES AND PULMONARY IMPACT AMONG INDUSTRIAL WORKERS
This paper will analyze the occupational health risk of airborne particle exposure of workers in industries and its lung outcome. A team of employees working in various sectors, like construction, manufacturing, and mining, was put through a test to determine the extent to which they were inhaling particulate matter (PM) and its impact on their respiratory wellbeing. The findings indicated that a high correlation existed between the increased intake of suspended substances into the lungs and the deterioration of the lung functions, particularly the long-term exposure. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) indicated that restrictive and obstructive lung disorders were prevalent, particularly among employees at the mining and construction sectors. These researchers also discovered that the duration of exposure that an individual is exposed to, the nature of the particles and the presence or absence of personal protective equipment (PPE) were also significant risk factors that may or may not facilitate lung damage. What the findings reveal is that, there is a need to improve the quality of air quality standards in the work place and improved means of safeguarding respiratory health of the workers. It is also proposed to reduce long-term health impact of exposure to airborne particles with regular health checkups and increased level of exposure limits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sana Iftikhar, Arslan Mehmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY PROGRESSION AND ENDOCRINE CORRELATES: A MULTICENTER STUDY
This is a multicenter study which explores the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and endocrine correlates of a person with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The research will attempt to clarify the hormonal factors that enable the development and hemodynamic advancement of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. During the research process, we investigated clinical records of 500 patients diagnosed with T2DM, assessing the retinal health of the patients through extensive fundus photography, ophthalmic assessments, and at the same time assessing different endocrine parameters, including insulin resistance, glycaemic control, thyroid functioning, and adipokines. We find that chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and high amounts of inflammatory markers are all significantly associated with the severity of DR. Furthermore, thyroid disease, in particular, hypothyroidism was identified as one of the most significant risk factors of the progression of retinopathy. The research also demonstrates that adipokines can potentially play a role in retinal health as an increase in leptin levels is associated with more strenuous cases of DR. Our results suggest that the need to support the comprehensive care strategies to treat the metabolic and endocrine dysfunctions to prevent or delay the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy among T2DM patients. These results are relevant to therapeutic applications and to show that more personalised forms of therapy are needed to address the glycaemics and endocrine disequilibrium to relieve the burden of diabetic eye disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Noor, Muhammad Faisal Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND VETERINARY MEDICINE OF DESERT FAUNA
The desert environments place much physical pressure on the animals inhabiting them and thus require certain adaptations and specialized treatment by the veterinarians. The work involves examining the ecophysiological aspects and intervention patterns of 180 species that inhabit the desert including camels, fennec foxes, desert tortoises and jerboas. In nine complete tables and twelve advanced visualizations, we considered the body temperatures and hydration rates along with veterinary care information. Findings indicate that the most hydrated animals were camels who could maintain their body temperatures with minimal aid. The levels of hydration between the fennec foxes and the jerboas differ a lot, proving more instances of hydration therapy. The desert tortoises showed the lowest body temperatures and frequently required additional food indicating that the metabolism has changed. The seasonality trends indicated that summer was the time when most of the care provided by the vet was done and that most of the treatment was hydration related. The species-specific trends, changes through time and a measure of the efficacy of interventions were displayed using line plots, bar charts, pie charts, scatter diagrams and radar plots. Such findings underscore the value of integrating ecophysiological monitoring into veterinary care in order to improve species-specific care plans with clinical veterinarian data. The authors of the study demand predictive health management models in dryland regions and emphasize the essentiality of veterinary processes with consideration of conservation due to climate change and environmental strain.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Umer Farooq, Muhammad Mubeen, Israruddin, Najeeb Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATING GIS, BIG DATA ANALYTICS, AND CLIMATE MODELING FOR PREDICTIVE AGRICULTURAL PLANNING AND RISK MANAGEMENT
This research develops and simulates a single framework that unites Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Big Data Analytics, and Climate Modelling to plan agriculture and climate risk management. A mixed-methods experimental design was employed that is integrative of spatial data layers of soil, crop distribution and topography with the climatic data (premeditation, temperature and evapotranspiration), and the socio-economic indicators (surveys among farmers). Big data pipelines helped to deal with much geospatial data. Both linear and nonlinear relationships between yield changes and climate changes were found using machine learning models, including Random Forests, Gradient Boosting and Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) networks. Regression study indicated that yields are most accurately predicted by temperature variances, rainfall, and moisture content in the soil. The predictive model was rather close to the actual values indicated by the RMSE and R 2 values. Further quantification of yield failure probabilities in a variety of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios was afforded by climate downscaling and Monte Carlo simulations, leading to risk assessment of different agricultural zoning. The introduction of qualitative farmer opinions ensured that the findings were contextually valid, and thus, were more reliable and applicable. The findings indicate that the system will be able to produce zonal risk maps, seasonal production forecasts, and early warning alerts, which are beneficial in climate-intelligent production planning. Overall, the study demonstrates how predictive systems based on data could enhance how we respond to climate hazards, how we make food more resilient, and how we apply to sustainable approaches to farming in a rapidly evolving world.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ahmed Mukhtar, Rashid Khan, Muhammad Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF STEM CELLS IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
Stem cell therapy is one of the most promising methods in regenerative medicine as it may provide a new solution in the treatment of such diseases as chronic illnesses, degenerative diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Stem cells have an important regenerative role in the recovery of tissues and functions, immune regulation, and in tissue repair across the organ spectrum due to their inherent properties of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. This paper delves in the potential of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as well as the rising technologies that may optimize their clinical application.Comprehensive methodology was used in studying biological mechanisms, therapeutic mechanisms, clinical trials and issues with stem cell therapy. The experiment applied the methods of structured data synthesis, comparative tabulation, and visual modeling, which was used to assess ways of differentiation pathways, immunomodulatoryity solutions, and translational results in a different group of diseases.As the results indicate therapeutic effects of stem cells are played not only by direct differentiation but also by paracrine signaling, immune modulation, and trophic support. Data elucidated that MSC demonstrated great efficacy in the context of inflammatory and musculoskeletal disorders, whereas iPSC demonstrated good regenerative potentials in the context of neurological models. The further optimization of therapeutic outcomes and risks minimization was achieved through technological integrations e.g. gene editing or bioprinting.In a nutshell, inasmuch as stem cell treatments still present huge promise possibilities, its effective implantation into practicable areas requires the accomplishment of biological, ethical and legislative hurdles. New technologies and individual plans play an essential role in getting through the existing restrictions and broaden the range of stem cell treatment. The study gives an overall picture of reparative capabilities of the stem cells and gives a base to further development of personalized and precision-based medicines..
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF METABOLIC DISORDERS: TARGETING ENZYMES AND PATHWAYS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY
Both obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are global health issues that have a heavy economic and societal toll. These two metabolic diseases arise from an intricate interplay of genetic and environmental factors, along with the dysregulation of the biochemical pathways associated with these metabolic disorders. Chemical Biology approaches have emerged as an attractive way to understand and target these metabolic dysfunctions down to the molecular level. This review article aims to discuss the crucial enzymes and pathways perturbed in T2D and obesity, considering their regulation, dysfunction, and therapeutic interventions. Glucokinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and hormone-sensitive lipase modulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Aberrant regulation of these enzymes is linked to insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and chronic inflammation, which are hallmark traits of metabolic disorders. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates act as metabolic disruptors within this framework by interfering with hormonal signaling and adipogenesis and subsequently accelerating metabolic dysfunction. The shortcomings of currently available pharmacotherapy to treat the metabolically dysfunctional states, including GLP-1 receptor agonists, AMPK activators, and enzyme inhibitors, are evaluated. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need to develop novel targeted interventions that will tackle the primary causes of these metabolic disorders. With development, such therapeutic approaches can benefit from chemical biology tools, like enzyme-specific inhibitors and precision medicine methodologies. Metabolomics, systems biology, and advanced therapeutics discovery require integration and further study to identify new target drugs. Realization of the underlying intricate biochemical networks of T2D and obesity will be important for the rational design of better and more sustainable treatments. This review focuses on just how important chemical biology contributes toward the development of therapeutics in metabolic disorders while calling for coordinated multidisciplinary approaches to tackle these almost acute health challenges..
CHEMICAL APPROACHES TO MODULATING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE: SYNTHESIS OF SMALL MOLECULE IMMUNE MODULATORS FOR AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
The autoimmune diseases are illnesses that arise as a result of aberrant activation of the immune system, chronic inflammation, and tissue damage. Small molecule immune modulators have shown great promise in giving cause for hope in therapeutic intervention through specific immune pathway modulation. These small molecules demonstrate advantages over biologics in terms of oral bioavailability, production cost, and tissue penetration. Recent advances in chemical synthesis and applications of small molecule modulators on innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleic acid sensing pathways, and inflammasomes, have also been reviewed in this paper. Particular attention has been given to TLR4 modulators, which are regarded as one of the most extensively studied TLRs concerning inflammatory diseases. Targeting of the cGAS-STING pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome have also gained much attention with respect to their therapeutic potentials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The modulators have differing modes of action such as inhibition for excessive immune activity or promotion of immune tolerance for the specific recipient. Advances in structure-based drug design and artificial intelligence-driven virtual screening for the discovery of new compounds have been comprehended in this review too. Several modulators, examples include Eritoran, TAK-242, and MCC950, have entered clinical trials, which highlights the promise of such approaches to clinical practice. However, there are certain challenges in specificity, off-target effects, and toxicity, which need to be overcome for an optimizing therapy. Future investigations will assess the effects of small molecule modifiers on pharmacokinetics despite focusing on the long-term efficacy and safety of these compounds in various patient demographics. Conclusively, this review captures the possibility of changing treatment perspectives for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases through the small molecules immune modulators..
MECHANISMS OF PROTEIN AGGREGATION IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: CHEMICAL APPROACHES TO MODULATING PROTEIN MISFOLDING AND TOXICITY
Neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's present with protein aggregation that causes dysfunctional neurons and results in impaired brain function. Modifying O-GlcNAcylation and increasing cellular processing of misfolded proteins represents an emerging therapeutic approach together with effective protein aggregation interruption. Research has shown that tau phosphorylation together with aggregation decreases when O-GlcNAc levels increase through O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibition which makes O-GlcNAc a promising new therapeutic approach for tauopathies. An important breakthrough for Alzheimer's disease treatment emerged with the development of RI-AG03 molecules which spread across multiple sites where tau proteins aggregate. RI-AG03 shows high efficacy in inhibiting tau aggregation according to preclinical studies therefore becoming the leading candidate therapy for Alzheimer's disease among available drugs that modify disease progression. Research developments confirm protein aggregation reduction as well as proteostasis optimization as foundational strategies for developing effective treatments against neurodegenerative diseases..
ADVANCES IN METAL-BASED ANTICANCER DRUGS: CHEMISTRY OF PLATINUM, GOLD, AND RUTHENIUM COMPLEXES AS CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Metal-based anticancer agents are some of the important chemotherapeutic agents used to work for different mechanisms of actions affecting tumor cells. The article indicates the cytotoxicity, studies on the interaction of DNA, and in vivo efficacy of platinum, gold, and ruthenium complexes. The platinum compounds with dipyridoquinoxaline (dpq) ligands were proved to be highly cytotoxic that particularly showed maximum activity in drug-resistant ovarian cancer models, where it outperformed carboplatin with better DNA intercalation into DNA and induction of apoptosis. Gold complexes such as Auoxo6 and Au2phen were more cytotoxic against both colorectal and ovarian cancer cells because of their mitochondrial targeting and ROS-dependent apoptosis.The ruthenium complexes KP1019 and NAMI-A were taken up selectively into the tumor tissues, in which they seemed to selectively initiate oxidative stress responses and apoptosis. DNA binding and cleavage assays further confirmed the ability of the platinum and ruthenium complexes to induce structural DNA damage, whereas mitochondrial DNA was targeted selectively by the gold complexes, thereby obstructing cellular energy production. The in vivo models displayed a dramatic tumor growth inhibition in which platinum and gold complexes exhibited 60% inhibition of tumor size in the resistant model. Combinations of platinum and ruthenium complexes have shown synergistic effects on the apoptosis of multidrug-resistant cancers. Again, these results manifest the potential of metal-based drugs as chemoresistance antagonists, thereby allowing the development of hybrid strategies, which include nanoparticle formulations and immunomodulatory regimens, to increase therapeutic efficacy. Future research endeavors focusing on ligand design, targeted delivery, and combinations of therapy will lead to more refinement of these agents for their further application in oncology. .
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Asadullah Usman, Sumaiya Sundus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEUROGENETICS AND BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
He or she must have an understanding of the neurogenetic basis of memory and learning to aid both basic neuroscience and translational approaches. Here, a rat model will be used to provide a mixed-methods systems biology framework to explore behavioural, biochemical, and electrophysiological processes that determine cognitive functions. Besides the hippocampus EEG recording, and of gene expression the subjects also engaged in numerous learning tasks, including operant conditioning, and spatial learning in maze tasks. High-throughput transcriptome research indicates that memory-related genes, such as Arc, BDNF and CREB, were found significantly up-regulated in transcripts of groups with better cognitive performance. Simultaneously, in electrophysiological recordings high-performing groups were characterized by additional theta-band oscillations, which confirms the role of theta rhythms in consolidation. Pharmacological or genetic-enhanced cohorts always exhibited elevated behavioural outcomes, like retention and learning scores. In lesion experiments and genetic knockout, there were significant cognitive losses indicating the functional requirement of both hippocampus integrity and of important gene expression. Solid connections between gene activity levels, EEG indicators, and the output of learning were observed by cross-modality correlation analysis; in several situations, Pearson correlation coefficients were greater than 0.7. Hybrid visualisations and principal component analysis have been used successfully to distinguish the treated group, impaired, and control groups. These convergent lines of evidence can be suggested in the concept that supports the idea that learning and memory are governed by a combined neurogenetic network with the capacity to modulate synapses together with brain oscillatory processes. Besides contributing to our mechanistic knowledge of cognitive mechanisms, the study presents potential biomarkers and intervention targets of memory diseases and neurocognitive enhancement.
OPTIMIZING UREA APPLICATION FOR ENHANCED GROWTH AND STEVIOL GLYCOSIDE BUILDUP IN STEVIA
Stevia rebaudiana is a high-value natural sweetener crop known for its steviol glycosides, primarily stevioside and rebaudioside A. Nitrogen is a precarious nutrient influencing both vegetative growth and secondary metabolite production in stevia. This study aimed to optimize urea (a widely used nitrogen source) application levels for maximizing stevia biomass and glycoside accumulation. A field experiment was piloted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five nitrogen levels: 0-160 kg N ha⁻¹ with difference of 40 kg, designated as T1 to T5. Results exhibited that all growth parameters i.e., plant height, branches, leaf area and dry biomass, improved significantly with enchanting nitrogen rates up to 120 kg N ha⁻¹. The same trend was observed for leaf yield per plant and per hectare, as well as dry leaf yield. Stevioside and rebaudioside A contents, along with total glycoside yield, also peaked at 120 kg N ha⁻¹. Although the highest nitrogen dose (160 kg N ha⁻¹) produced similar results, it did not significantly outperform the 120 kg level, indicating a point of diminishing returns. Soil analysis confirmed improved organic matter and nitrogen availability without adverse effects on pH or electrical conductivity. These findings suggest that 120 kg N ha⁻¹ is the optimum dose for achieving maximum productivity and steviol glycoside yield under current field conditions. The study provides evidence-based nitrogen management strategies to enhance the economic and functional value of stevia cultivation. Further multi-location trials are recommended to validate these findings across diverse agro-ecological zones.
THE USE OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL THERAPY IN OSTEOARTHRITIS MANAGEMENT IN EQUINES: CLINICAL TRIALS AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CARTILAGE REGENERATION
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and debilitating joint disorder marked by cartilage degradation, inflammation, and extracellular matrix breakdown. Traditional treatments largely focus on symptomatic relief, with limited regenerative impact. This study investigates the disease-modifying potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in equine OA using a multidimensional evaluation approach. Equine-derived MSCs were isolated, expanded, and injected intra-articularly into OA-affected joints. Quantitative assessments of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), catabolic enzymes (MMP-13), and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content were conducted through ELISA and histological analyses. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using gait symmetry metrics, lameness scores, and synovial fluid properties. MSC-treated groups exhibited significant reductions in IL-1β and TNF-α levels (p < 0.01), with concurrent downregulation of MMP-13, indicating inhibition of joint catabolism. GAG content significantly increased, reflecting enhanced matrix regeneration. Histological scores (Mankin scale) demonstrated structural restoration of cartilage tissue. Functional improvements were evident from gait symmetry and lameness scoring. Synovial fluid showed normalized viscosity and pH, indicating improved joint homeostasis. A mechanism diagram illustrated how MSCs modulate immune response, suppress inflammation, and stimulate matrix production. MSC therapy offers robust anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects in equine osteoarthritis, supporting its potential as a transformative, disease-modifying treatment. These findings advocate for the broader application of MSCs in OA management and provide a strong foundation for future translational studies in both veterinary and human medicine.
VOCALIZATION PATTERNS AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN BAT COLONIES UNDER URBAN NOISE PRESSURE
Bats rely on sound to locate food, navigate as well as maintain a group. But, increased machnoise in the urban areas may be interfering with their natural speech habits and even social systems. The paper investigates the impact of noise in urban areas on bats and their hearing and colony organisation. With full-spectrum ultrasonic detectors, thermal imaging, and spatial network analysis we monitored six colony sites in cities and their surroundings. Sound pressure levels (Leq) were determined using high accuracy sound meters. We examined vocal parameters including call frequency changes (or translocation, 12), bandwidth and pulse interval of varying noise intensity. To examine social organisation we employed the measures of roost mapping, emergence synchrony, and network centrality. We, also, could interview ecologists and conservationists and examine the topics of our interviews. When the noise was severe, the urban colonies expressed markedly different vocalisation patterns where the dominant frequencies increased on average of 4.6 kHz. The bandwidths had decreased and pulse rates had increased which shows the signs of compensatory behaviour. Social cohesion decreased in noisy environments, and this was demonstrated by a decreased amount of people clustering up, an increased distance among members and reduced synchronous emergence. Statistical modelling indicated that considerable relationships existed between Leq, 8f, and lower social structure indicators. These trends were confirmed by the qualitative results and the emphasis was on the long-term results of noise pollution on the environment. The pressure of noise in urban areas is so high that it becomes difficult for bats to communicate with one another and also to manage their own social lives, and all this may influence the reproduction capabilities of these animals, as well as their ability to orientate themselves and maintain their numbers over the lifetime. Noise Area and Acoustic Refugia: In order to make the urban animals survive, it cannot be too much noise, instead, we need to apply noise zoning and acoustical refugia.
LIGHT POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON NOCTURNAL INSECT NAVIGATION AND REPRODUCTION
An increasing number of individuals are coming to understand that artificial light at night (ALAN) is detrimental to the environment, yet there has been insufficient work conducted on the direct impact it has on the insects at night behaviour and reproduction. The purpose of the research is the determination of the impact of various forms and powers of artificial lighting on the orientation capacities of the important nocturnal insect species during the flight and reproduction. The combination of the mixed-method experimental framework was applied in cities and suburbs and rural regions. To study the impacts of light pollution on the insects, we measured the light pollution and its effects radiometrically and spectrally and infrared videography, radar surveillance, and reproduction levels such as the mating frequency and egg laying. Behavioural disorientation was measured by degree of deviation of the behavioural orientation. We used statistical projections in relating the brightness levels to biological outcomes. We further employed convergent design in which we brought together qualitative data at entomologist level, and the field ecologists level. The insects exposed to high-intensity cool-white light had a 37 percent likelihood of getting lost compared to insects exposed to naturally dark or amber-lit space and the likelihood of mating was 42 percent lower in insects exposed to high-intensity cool-white light compared to insects in the naturally dark or amber-lit space. Egg-laying and larval emergence was also significantly reduced in plots with light pollution. Regression models indicated that the relationship between light intensity and reproductive production was adverse and high. The interviews of experts, instead, were dedicated to long-term environmental problems, including the decline of pollinators and trophic imbalances. Light pollution extremely complicates the navigational process of nocturnal insects and prevents them to reproduce, which is more dangerous to the ecosystem health. The findings advocate transforming the design and lighting patterns of cities to source less damage to the environment but satisfying the needs of people who require light.
MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF ALLELOPATHY IN SUPPRESSING WEEDS AND ENHANCING CROP YIELDS IN MIXED CROPPING SYSTEMS
The study investigates the role of allelopathic interactions in mixed cropping systems as a sustainable alternative to synthetic herbicides for effective weed management. Field experiments using randomized complete block design were conducted to evaluate the weed-suppressing potential and crop performance of various allelopathic crop combinations. Results showed that combinations like Wheat + Fenugreek and Barley + Lentil significantly reduced weed density and improved grain yield and biomass production. Soil analyses revealed higher levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, microbial biomass, and allelochemical concentration in these combinations. Advanced chemical profiling techniques, including HPLC and GC-MS, confirmed the presence of potent allelochemicals such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Visual representations in bar plots, line graphs, and heatmaps supported these findings, revealing temporal trends and physiological impacts of allelochemical activity. Additionally, symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting microbes further contributed to crop resilience and soil health. The results validate that allelopathic intercropping can effectively suppress weeds, enhance nutrient uptake, and increase overall crop productivity while reducing dependency on chemical herbicides. This study underscores the ecological and agronomic benefits of incorporating allelopathic principles into crop planning, providing a robust framework for sustainable agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muneeba , Muhammad Suleman Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ROLE OF INFLIMMATORY CYTOKINES IN UNIVEITIS AOMNG AUTOIMMUNE DIESEASE PATIENTS
Autoimmune-related uveitis is a complex inflammatory eye disorder characterized by immune dysregulation and tissue damage. This study aimed to explore the role of key inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis and clinical progression of uveitis in individuals with autoimmune diseases. Quantitative analysis of serum samples revealed significantly elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the uveitis group compared to healthy controls. Flow cytometry identified increased proportions of CD4+ T cells and NK cells in affected patients, indicating heightened immune activity. Correlation analyses showed strong associations between cytokine levels and clinical severity, with TNF-α and IFN-γ emerging as the most predictive markers. Stratification by autoimmune subtype showed the highest cytokine expression among systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Treatment with anti-cytokine therapies led to a marked reduction in cytokine levels, supporting their therapeutic relevance. Biomarker evaluation revealed high sensitivity and specificity for TNF-α and IFN-γ, suggesting their utility in diagnosis and monitoring. These findings underscore the central role of inflammatory cytokines in mediating ocular inflammation and propose targeted cytokine modulation as a viable therapeutic strategy. The study advances our understanding of uveitis pathophysiology and offers insight into personalized approaches for treatment and biomarker-guided care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Rehan , Wesam Taher Almagharbeh, Muhammad Inam Farooq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY DRIVERS OF APOSEMATIC COLORATION IN POISON FROGS
Aposematic coloration in poison frogs serves as a critical evolutionary strategy to deter predators by signaling chemical unpalatability. However, the ecological and evolutionary factors governing the diversity and maintenance of these visual signals across natural populations remain incompletely understood. This study investigates the multifactorial drivers of aposematic coloration in 10 populations of Neotropical poison frogs using a mixed-methods approach combining environmental analysis, predator-prey interactions, chemical profiling, mate choice assays, and genomic characterization. Field measurements revealed that environmental variables such as elevation, canopy cover, and humidity significantly influence color expression, with populations in higher, denser forests displaying cooler temperatures and greater predator richness. Spectral data showed that populations with higher skin brightness and saturation also exhibited elevated alkaloid concentrations, indicating a functional link between toxicity and signal conspicuousness. Predation trials using clay frog models demonstrated that attack rates were highest for red and orange morphs in open habitats, with birds being the predominant predators. Behavioral assays revealed strong female preferences for certain morphs (particularly red and blue), and higher preference scores were inversely correlated with approach latency, suggesting reinforcement through sexual selection. Multivariate analyses further indicated that environmental variables are strongly intercorrelated, influencing both predator distribution and prey availability, which in turn affect color and toxin expression. These results highlight the context-dependent nature of aposematism, showing that ecological gradients and predator diversity, along with sexual selection, jointly shape the evolution and maintenance of color polymorphisms in poison frogs. This study advances our understanding of signal evolution by elucidating how multiple selective forces act across spatial and behavioral dimensions in natural ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mashal Shahzadi , Alam Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDING LATE-ONSET HYPOCALECIMEIA IN FORMULA-FED NEONATES
Late-onset hypocalcemia in formula-fed neonates presents a critical clinical concern with complex, multifactorial underpinnings. This study investigates the epidemiological profile, biochemical markers, risk factors, and management approaches associated with the condition in a cohort of 100 neonates from multiple NICUs. The analysis revealed that the majority of affected neonates were born near-term with a mean gestational age of 36 weeks and birth weights averaging 2.8 kg, suggesting that late preterm birth and low birth weight contribute significantly to vulnerability. Biochemically, 40% of neonates had serum calcium levels below 4.0 mg/dL, while elevated serum phosphorus and low vitamin D levels were common, pointing to dietary and metabolic contributors. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were markedly elevated in a subset of cases, indicating secondary hyperparathyroidism. Notably, neonates with symptomatic presentations such as seizures or tetany were those with critically low calcium levels (<3.5 mg/dL). The prevalence of hypocalcemia was significantly higher among infants born to diabetic mothers, reinforcing the role of maternal metabolic status. Graphical analyses supported these findings, with skewed calcium distributions, increased symptomatology in severely hypocalcemic neonates, and notable associations with maternal diabetes. These insights affirm that late-onset hypocalcemia in formula-fed infants is influenced by nutritional, hormonal, genetic, and perinatal factors. The study advocates for enhanced clinical vigilance, early screening protocols, and tailored nutritional interventions, including calcium and vitamin D supplementation. It also emphasizes the necessity for maternal health optimization and genetic screening in persistent or recurrent cases. These findings provide a data-driven foundation for refining NICU protocols and improving long-term neonatal outcomes through multidisciplinary approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rida Naz , Hassan Yar Mahsood, Hassan Yar Mahsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ROLE OF MICROBIAL SYMBIONTS IN THE ADAPTATION OF INSECTS TO METAL-CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS
Heavy metal contamination poses a significant ecological threat, particularly to insects that serve as vital contributors to ecosystem functioning. This study investigates the functional role of microbial symbionts in enhancing insect tolerance to metal-contaminated environments through a combination of field sampling, microbiome sequencing, metal accumulation assays, and gene expression analysis. Insects from highly polluted sites exhibited significantly elevated body burdens of cadmium, lead, arsenic, and zinc, with Coleoptera and Diptera accumulating the highest concentrations. Comparative microbiome profiling revealed a dominance of metal-resistant genera, such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus, in insects from contaminated habitats, while control-site insects showed higher proportions of Lactobacillus. Functional metagenomics identified an enrichment of genes associated with metal efflux pumps, oxidoreductases, and metallothionein-like proteins in symbiotic microbiota of contaminated-site insects. Host physiological analysis showed upregulation of detoxification genes including Catalase, SOD, and MtnA, indicating a coordinated stress response. Microbial transplantation experiments further demonstrated that tolerant-associated microbiota could partially confer metal resistance to susceptible insect hosts, highlighting the causal role of symbionts in adaptation. Collectively, the results support the hypothesis that microbial symbionts are integral to insect survival under heavy metal stress, influencing both physiological and ecological outcomes. These findings advance our understanding of host–microbe–environment interactions and have important implications for bioindication, ecological resilience, and symbiont-assisted remediation strategies in contaminated ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zia Ur Rehman , Rooh Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SYNTHETIC NEUROBIOLOGY: REWIRING BRAIN CIRCUITS
This paper examines how synthetic neurobiology can be applied in altering the network within the brain through the process of process of optogenetics and chemogenetics. An experimental study of mixed methods was applied (e.g. stimulation neurons in living animals, behavioral analyses, electrophysiological recordings and post-hoc histological verification). The channelrhodopsin-2 was transported using viral vehicles to selectively stimulate excitatory pyramidal cells, and DREADDs enabled the temporary disengagement of circuits. Electrophysiological data indicated that optogenetic activation had resulted in large changes in neuronal firing rates (15.2 and 18.6 Hz on average) and weight of synapses. With Hebbian equations, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) curves showed the long-term potentiation (LTP) was stronger. Behavioral tests indicated an improvement in spatial memory as well as anxiety and the rise in scores was observed above 20 percent in the stimulated groups. The correlations between the firing rate and various indices of LTP, as well as those between firing rates and synaptic weight changes were significant (r > 0.8), thus these are reliable indicators of plasticity. The line graphs, bar plots and scatter plots, and hybrid plots gave visualizations of the results and how they varied under various experimental conditions and how they influenced these groups. Also using confocal imaging, there was a high transfection efficiency (>85%) of neuromodulatory constructs and after behavioral history showed that the constructs were delivered into the correct regions. The findings indicate that synthetic neuromodulation can make accurate and effective changes within neural networks bridging the gap between transformations of molecules and transformations of behavior. Such an approach provides a robust platform to examine brain circuits due to its integration of a multi-modal examination, real-time observation and mathematical modeling. The outcomes of this evidence indicate that it is possible to utilize synthetic neurobiology to generate therapy of neurological disorders and cognitive restoration.
Copyright (c) 2023 Irum Habib, Abdul Waheed Shah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CLIMATE-SMART PHOTOSYNTHESIS: INTEGRATING BOTANY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING
This paper examines the possibility of botanical science and environmental models to collaborate in an effort to develop superior climate-smart photosynthesis techniques to grow crops in a manner that is acceptable to the environment. The work applies both real life studies on plant physiology research and computer climate models in an attempt to test and fix the performance of photosynthesis across various climatic conditions. We determined the degree to which photosynthetic capacities varied with changes in temperature, light intensity and CO 2 concentration both in controlled and field situations. This indicated that several means of increasing the carbon uptake and water-use efficiencies are possible. We ran environmental model to determine the performance of plants under various climatic scenarios of change. This was useful to identify the best possibilities of combinations of photosynthetic characters to achieve resilience and stable yield. Findings indicated that specific optimization strategies enhanced biomass yield and stabilized yields as well as provided plants stability to stress in diverse weather conditions. The merger of real-life physiological data with simulation-based data model prediction was effective in providing details to establish crops that would be able to resist the climate change. This paper indicates the value of the application of diverse areas engaged in, e.g., plant science, genetics, and environmental modeling to assist farmers to cope with climate change in a manner that is environment-friendly.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Asad, Muhammad Umair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HYBRID APPROACHES TO SINGLE-CELL TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND PROTEOMICS
With single-cell transcriptomics and proteomics used together, a new revolutionary approach to understanding cellular heterogeneity and molecular complexity can be integrated. To investigate the expression rates of the genes, protein levels, the numbers of the mitochondria, and the extent of the transcriptome variance during different single cell situations, this analysis construct applies a hybrid analytical strategy. They developed nine tables to measure the multi-omic properties of 20 individual cell per condition on artificial but structurally representative data sets. In experimental conditions A-I the observations have shown that progressively increasing protein quantity and gene expression was accompanied by altering transcriptional noise and mitochondrial content. Surprisingly, the reduced level of protein expression in stressing cell conditions was found together with augmented transcriptome variance imposing the concept of epigenetic interference or regulatory failure. The interdependencies were also illustrated through twelve advanced visualizations that showed hybrid plots, bar plots, scatter distributions, and line graphs. Line plots.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zia Ur Rehman, Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LIVESTOCK GUT HEALTH: MICROBIOME RESEARCH
Gut microbiome is highly significant to animal health since it influences the animal utilization of food, absorption of nutrients, and energy expenditure. In this work, the researchers focused on the microbiome composition as well as the physiological set up in nine varieties of livestock. It was concerned with relative Bacteria Abundances of Bacteria A, B, and C, pH levels and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Analysis of the data really revealed the existence of differences between batches. In particular, the prevalent Bacteria_A frequently prevailed in the microbial community, and some groups decreased significantly. Bacteria_B and Bacteria C, on their part, had different but nonetheless, functionally relevant trends. pH remained unchanged in most of the batches, meaning that the gut was in the balance. Conversely, SCFA concentrations were modified with the variations in the kind of microbes. The levels of SCFA showed a high positive association with the amount of Bacteria_A. This implies that there is a certain category of bacteria that is more active on fermentation. These trends were further confirmed by line, bar, pie, scatter and hybrid plots among other kinds of visualisations. They were consistent within, and variable across batches. All the findings indicate the practical significance of the microbial profile in modifying the metabolic production within the gut. This has a bearing in the food alteration and probiotic interventions which strive to enhance the health and effectiveness of animals. This paper contributes to the growing amount of data detailing a relationship between microbiome ecology and livestock performance and provides us a benchmark moment to initiate microbiome-informed management plans.
Copyright (c) 2023 Syed Muhammad Ali Ramish, Muhammad Asif, Hidayatullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY OF ARCTIC AND ALPINE MAMMALS
This analysis examines the adaptations to very cold conditions that animals living in the Arctic and the Alps make to their bodies and their genes. We assessed the cold-adaptive behavior in species such as the caribou, Arctic fox and alpine marmot under a multimethod approach that incorporates the utility of telemetry-based field observation, environmental information logging and genomic/hormonal phenotyping. It also collected real-time data in the core body temperature, VO 2 max and heart rate along with the environmental factors such as wind speed, depth of snow among others. Faster production of heat ensured that animals in the Arctic maintained their body temperature in such low temperatures, as the animals produced will could sustain their body temperatures at a constant rate due to higher frequencies of the UCP1 and TRPM8 genes. Alpine species were more reactive to the hormone, containing more cortisol and thyroid hormones. This is an indication that they adapt to the stress in a manner that is different. The multivariate regression and PCA analysis affirmed that alteration of the environment affected the physiology of Alpine species much more than those of Arctic species. These findings indicate that different species show different methods of adjusting to the chill and that they can be more prone to climate change in the future. The research provides us with an instrument to quantify eco-physiological stability and also plan specific protection operations.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOSTATISTICS MEETS OMICS IN PRECISION BIOLOGY
Multi-omics data can be combined with biostatistical approaches, and have been an important component of precision biology since they enable the discovery of biomarkers and by extension deciphering of mechanisms of action of diseases. We applied an advanced multi-layered omics characterisation technique encompassing genomes, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics of groups of individuals that are clinically characterised in the context of this research. To ensure data were of high utility and could be compared, they passed through rigorous preprocessing, statistical normalisation and dimensionality reduction. The Differential expression of the phenotypic groupings identified relevant genes, proteins, and metabolites. Quite a number of them played a role in the regulation of the immune system, alteration of metabolism and cell to cell signalling. Canonical correlation analysis integrative modelling and machine learning identified that the various forms of omics data were correlated with molecular signatures that can be exploited in prediction. During cross-validation, the accuracy rate was above 90%, with which the models were to classify the data. The pathways and hub molecules identified based on network-based studies are relevant to the disease and regulation processes. Techniques of ensemble learning performed better than single-algorithm models, which indicates the applicability of integrative analytics. We employed visualisation as a way of demonstrating that results were robust and with biological implications. These were the examination of the multi-omics correlations, prediction model accuracy, and pathway enrichment. These findings demonstrate that integrating biostatistics and multi-omics establish an end-to-end-reliable clinically applicable framework performing precision biology. It has a direct impact on the identification of biomarkers, the development of personalised medicine and the development of targeted therapies.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdul Waheed Shah, Ezza Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND GROWTH IN MICROGRAVITY
This paper will examine the response to the Arabidopsis thaliana that was grown under a microgravity environment on the International Space Station (ISS) at both the cellular, molecular and physiological level. We employed mixed-methods experimental design and involved high-resolution imaging, phenotypic attribute measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, and transcript profiling. Growth modelling indicated that microgravity affected the process in the growth of things significantly, which is a reduced gravitropic root curvature, alterations in the expansion of leaves, and variations in the photosynthetic efficiency. The analysis of the gene expression revealed that the pathways able to respond to the stressful conditions, arrange the cytoskeleton and remodel the cell wall were changed differently. Statistical testing indicated that the changes were noteworthy such that p<0.05p < 0.05p<0.05, thus supporting the fact that microgravity induces a coordinated response in the physiology and genetics domains. The findings depict how plants have the abilities to grow and transform in extraordinary manners in the absence of gravity. They also provide us with good data to design closed-loop bio-regenerative life-support systems to explore space. This research teaches us more about the way plants adjust to the conditions of existence in space and precondition further space agriculture programs.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hammad Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0