THE USE OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL THERAPY IN OSTEOARTHRITIS MANAGEMENT IN EQUINES: CLINICAL TRIALS AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CARTILAGE REGENERATION

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and debilitating joint disorder marked by cartilage degradation, inflammation, and extracellular matrix breakdown. Traditional treatments largely focus on symptomatic relief, with limited regenerative impact. This study investigates the disease-modifying potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in equine OA using a multidimensional evaluation approach. Equine-derived MSCs were isolated, expanded, and injected intra-articularly into OA-affected joints. Quantitative assessments of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), catabolic enzymes (MMP-13), and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content were conducted through ELISA and histological analyses. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using gait symmetry metrics, lameness scores, and synovial fluid properties. MSC-treated groups exhibited significant reductions in IL-1β and TNF-α levels (p < 0.01), with concurrent downregulation of MMP-13, indicating inhibition of joint catabolism. GAG content significantly increased, reflecting enhanced matrix regeneration. Histological scores (Mankin scale) demonstrated structural restoration of cartilage tissue. Functional improvements were evident from gait symmetry and lameness scoring. Synovial fluid showed normalized viscosity and pH, indicating improved joint homeostasis. A mechanism diagram illustrated how MSCs modulate immune response, suppress inflammation, and stimulate matrix production. MSC therapy offers robust anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects in equine osteoarthritis, supporting its potential as a transformative, disease-modifying treatment. These findings advocate for the broader application of MSCs in OA management and provide a strong foundation for future translational studies in both veterinary and human medicine.